They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. Mcgregors theory y matches much of maslows selfactualization level of motivation. Motivate the theory x person by praising them for the little efforts they put up. Douglas mcgregor published the human side of enterprise in 1960. Douglas mcgregor has developed two sets of assumptions about human behaviour. The both believe that motivation leads one to success in their lives. The role assumed by the project team members within a theory x environment is to evade added responsibility and do as minimal amount of work as possible to achieve the project goals without punishment on the other hand, theory y motivation naturally creates a participative environment with strong manageremployee relations. He believed that there are two distinct views of human beings that managers hold. The use of a theory y perspective has previously been advocated at a number of different levels in education 47. Comparing theory x and theory y motivation theory x assumes that people dislike work. Theory x and theory y of motivation explain with examples. Douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960.
Pdf motivational theories and their implications interal. The definitive guide stepbystep maslows hierarchy of needs. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. He was a strong supporter of theories x and y, and he put theory y that people want to work, achieve and take responsibility into practice in a californian electronics factory. Theory into practice abraham maslow viewed mcgregor as a mentor. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory x y attitudes and theory x y behaviors. Equally so, there is little research on generational theory and how this relates to entrepreneurial activity as a whole. Theory x, theory y, and theory z introduction to business. In contrast, based on theory y, employees concentrates on social needs, esteem needs and selfactualization needs.
The purpose of this paper is to apply mcgregors theory x and theory y to study teacher motivation in higher education. Social psychologist douglas mcgregor of mit expounded two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960s. In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Theory x stands for the set of traditional beliefs held, while theory y stands for the set of beliefs based on researchers in behavioral science.
Pdf theories of motivation acheles karungi academia. In relation to theory y, the organization is trying to create the most symbiotic relationship between the managers and workers, which relates to maslows needs for selfactualization. Theory x and theory y allocate the job of management into two styles and, just like your algebra class, x and y dont work totally independently, although you can manage in a style that is mostly a theory x or theory y management style. This theory was developed by douglas mcgregor in 1950s at mit. Theory y view is in contrast to x and believes that workers tend to be selfdirected, enjoy work, and accept responsibility. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact on. Theory z also places more reliance on the attitude and responsibilities of the workers, whereas mcgregors x, y theory is mainly focused on management and motivation from the managers and organisations perspective. Hierarchy of needs theory by maslow, theory x and theory y by mcgregor and twofactor theory of herzberg. However, modern revisions including contingency theorists argue that theory y is not essentially a progressive alternative to a dull theory x. Job satisfaction, motivation, and reward systems are included in one area of organizational theory. Reward systems must correspond to intrinsic factors if employees are to be motivated.
The strongest influence in this area is motivation because it overlaps into both of the other two components. Chapter 5 contemporary theories of motivation integrating. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. Furthermore, theory x fails because it does not consider human motivation, the needs of. This study focuses on comparing the x and y generational cohorts in terms of their propensity towards entrepreneurial intent within the context of south africa. Nov 10, 2019 the theory x person is likely to observe how the theory y person is working. Douglas mcgregor added to the motivation work done in the 1950s and developed the theory called theory x, theory y. Eric ed316767 motivation theories of maslow, herzberg. Theory x and theory y douglas mcgregor proposed two distinct views of human beings. Theory y make assumptions that people in the work force are internally motivated, selfdirection and selfcontrolled. Herzbergs twofactor theory is another one of the earlier developed theories. Have time for both the selfmotivated and the lazy ones. Challenges and limitations of theory x and theory y. On the basis of theory x, employees stresses on psychological needs and security needs.
Jul 08, 2017 the element of self motivation is absent, as per theory x, but present in theory y. It is based on the assumption that selfdirection, selfcontrol, and maturity control motivation. Iochemistry and molecular b education printed in u. I will argue that the theory x and theory y perspective can. Nov 10, 2020 developed in the 1960s by douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise. Both theories x and y are proposed by mcgregor which describe the workforce models which are contrasting in nature and which are used by reporting managers in organizational behaviour and human resources at a typical workplace. One of the studies in this context is dent and others research was carried out in 2011 that mentioned in the previous sections of the study. Apr 03, 20 leadership style and organizational performance have been researched extensively. Theory y assumes that people are selfmotivated, and thrive on responsibility. In theory x and theory y relates to maslows hierarchy of quintessence, according to these newer studies, managers needs. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregors x y theory remains a valid basic principle from. Dec 04, 2020 the purpose of this paper is to apply mcgregors theory x and theory y to study teacher motivation in higher education. Jun 20, 2019 theory x and theory y of motivation by mcgregor douglas mcgregor expressed his views of human nature in two sets of assumptions.
He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y. Challenges and limitations of theory x and theory y motivation. I will argue that the theory x and theory y perspective can be beneficial when applied to science education. Pdf national higher education universities nheu play a vital role in high. May 15, 2017 the major distinct disadvantage of theory x and theory y is that they are put forward as challenging sets of assumptions a supervisor is either motivated by theory x or by theory y. International journal of recent research aspects issn. Theory x managers do not give their staff this opportunity so that the employees behave in the expected fashion. The relationship between theory xy management styles. Therefore most people must be motivated by forcedbribed with the threat of punishment or a reward to produce effort and work towards organizational objectives. Theory x and y as a management style is well rooted in the study and understanding of motivation in organizations.
This theory sets forth that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are not opposites but two separate. Both of these theories begin with the premise that managements role is to assemble the factors of production, including people. Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s 2. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit. Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. Generation x, generation y, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. However, the literature has a limited number of studies concerning organizational performance of small and medium businesses, even less research on the impact on organizational performance of theory x and theory y type leadership styles. In it, he explained that managers operate from one. Do intrinsic and extrinsic motivation factors differ for.
Copyright 2017, scholarly research journal for interdisciplinary. Volume iii, issue v, may 2014 ijltemas issn 2278 2540. Douglas mcgregor, one of maslow s students, influenced the study of motivation with his formulation of two contrasting sets of assumptions about human nature theory x and theory y. Mc gregorys hygiene theories x and y an unmet need can frustrate an employee and make him unproductive. How are mcgregors theories x and y and ouchis theory z used to explain worker motivation. The theory x and theory y are the theories of motivation given by douglas mcgregor in 1960s. In the 1950s, three specific theories were formulated and are the best known. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. The idea behind using letters x and y, perhaps seems to be using a neutral terminology, which does not convey any sense of badness or goodness. Herzbergs two factor theory, also known as the motivation hygiene theory, was derived from a study designed to test the concept that people have two sets of needs. According to mcgregor, the perception of managers on the nature of individuals is based on various assumptions. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model. X and consider using the techniques suggested by theory y.
According to theory x and theory y, human behavior and motivation is the main. Theory x the assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, dislike responsibility, and must be coerced to perform. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi. The theories concentrate on two various models of potential motivation that are implemented by the managers across human resources management, organizational communication, organizational development and organizational behavior. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. Both of these theories begin with the premise that managements role is to. Dec 25, 20 theory x and theory y relate to maslows hierarchy of needs in how human behavior and motivation are main priorities in the workplace in order to maximize output. The modern manager knows how to distribute responsibility, instill trust in their employees, and motivate team members to deliver their best work and ideas. The three prior studies that have made this distinction were recently conducted solely to develop constructvalid measures of both. Douglas mcgregors theory x vs theory y lucidchart blog. Theory x and theory y according to behavioral scientist. I n his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational psychology when he proposed the two theories by which managers perceive employee motivation.
Theory x assumptions take a negative perspective of people. Theory y assumptions the expenditure of physical and mental effort in work is as natural as play or rest. Introduction in a previous paper various propositions were presented which would have to be included in any theory of human motivation that could lay claim to being definitive. X negative, needing coercion to work, or y positive, that work is a natural state and that people are selfcontrolling. According to theory x, there are following assumptions about human nature, on which the manager has to base his motivation efforts. He referred to these opposing motivational theories as theory.
These theories are based on the premise that management has. The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if he can. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact. Theories of motivation and their application in organizations.
In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. Mcgregors x and y theories mcgregors 1960 theory x and y models categorize employees as belonging to one of two groups based on two sets of assumptions. They describe two contrasting thinking of workforce motivation. The twofactor theory of motivation hygiene and motivational factor of herzberg. According to him there are two diametrically opposing viewpoints of managers about their employees, one being theory x and it is negative while the other is called theory y and it is positive. The theory x view is basically negative and believes that workers have little ambition, dislike work, and avoid responsibility. Mcgregors theories x and y introduction to business. People can have an inherent dislike for work and avoid it if. Introduction generational theory is a theory of social history that describes and explains changes in public attitudes over time. X indicates where lower order needs are influencing motivation and y reflects motivation by higher order needs. Otokiti 2000 mcgregors theory x and y remains central to organisational development and to improving organisational culture. External motivation includes the forces which exist inside the individuals as well as the controlled by the manager, including items such as salaries, working conditions, company policy and job content items, such as recognition. Theory x and theory y to pick the best management style.
Pdf leadership style and organizational performance have been. Keywords theory x theory y, douglas mcgregor, theory x, authoritarian style of managing. Douglas mcgregor, through his wellknown theory x and theory y, drew a distinction between the assumptions about human motivation which underlie these. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and selfcentred, lacks ambition, dislikes change, and longs to be told what to do. Listing of extant theory x y attitude and behavior scales. Managers will modify their behavior toward employees based on what view they hold about them. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation. Theory x and theory y are considered as theories of human motivation at the workplace. In another word, most of these studies dont investigate the differences between gen x and gen y in terms of motivation factors.
Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and. What do you think motivates your people to come to work each morning. Theory x and theory y team management training from. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi theory x an authoritarian style of management the average worker dislikes work. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the. Designmethodologyapproach an empirical study was conducted through. Maslows needs theory presented a workable motivation framework for managers. A theory of human motivation 2 a theory of human motivation a. Nov 25, 2019 mcgregors sets forth two alternative views of human nature first view are called theory x and the second view is called theory y. In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and self.
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